Revenue minus cost of goods sold. Graham's ≥40% threshold identifies businesses with durable pricing power. Note: software and financial companies naturally exceed this; retailers and manufacturers rarely reach it due to their cost structures.
Operating Margin19.3%
Profit after operating costs before interest and taxes. A consistent ≥15% operating margin signals a business with real competitive advantages. Capital-intensive industries (airlines, auto, commodities) rarely hit this threshold due to their structural cost base — compare within industry for context.
Net Income Margin15.8%
Bottom-line profit as a percentage of revenue. The ≥20% target reflects Buffett's preference for highly profitable businesses. Financial engineering (buybacks, tax optimisation) can inflate this temporarily — look for consistency across multiple years rather than a single strong result.
Financial Health
A
Years to Pay Off Debt1.9 yrs
Total Debt ÷ Net Income. Lower = stronger balance sheet. Important caveat: utilities, telecoms, REITs, and infrastructure companies carry large structural debt by design — their bond-like cash flows service it comfortably at ratios that would alarm Graham. Compare within sector.
Working Capital vs Long-Term Debt$3.3B
Working Capital minus Long-Term Debt. Negative results are common and expected in capital-return-focused businesses like Apple, Domino's, and McDonald's — where aggressive buybacks and dividends intentionally reduce book equity. This does not indicate financial distress in high-FCF businesses.
Working Capital$13.3B
Current Assets minus Current Liabilities. Negative working capital can be a deliberate efficiency strategy in businesses that collect cash before paying suppliers (retailers, fast food franchises, subscription businesses). Assess alongside free cash flow generation for full context.
Valuation
N/A
Cash Flow
A
Free Cash Flow$5.6B
Operating cash flow minus capital expenditures. Buffett's most important metric — cash a business actually generates for its owners after maintaining and growing its asset base. Consistently positive FCF is one of the strongest indicators of a durable, well-run business regardless of accounting profits.
CapEx % of Net Income16.3%
Capital expenditure as a share of net income. Low CapEx signals a capital-light business that doesn't need heavy reinvestment to sustain earnings — Buffett's ideal. High CapEx is structurally necessary in manufacturing, airlines, telecoms, and semiconductors. For these industries, a high reading reflects the business model, not poor management.
Owner Earnings$7.0B
Net Income + Depreciation & Amortisation − Capital Expenditures. Buffett's preferred measure of a company's true annual earning power — what could theoretically be distributed to owners without impairing the business. More reliable than reported EPS because it accounts for the capital cost of maintaining the business.
Metric Explanations
What each dimension measures and where the thresholds come from.
Gross Profit Margin
Revenue minus cost of goods sold. Graham's ≥40% threshold identifies businesses with durable pricing power. Note: software and financial companies naturally exceed this; retailers and manufacturers rarely reach it due to their cost structures.
Operating Margin
Profit after operating costs before interest and taxes. A consistent ≥15% operating margin signals a business with real competitive advantages. Capital-intensive industries (airlines, auto, commodities) rarely hit this threshold due to their structural cost base — compare within industry for context.
Net Income Margin
Bottom-line profit as a percentage of revenue. The ≥20% target reflects Buffett's preference for highly profitable businesses. Financial engineering (buybacks, tax optimisation) can inflate this temporarily — look for consistency across multiple years rather than a single strong result.
Years to Pay Off Debt
Total Debt ÷ Net Income. Lower = stronger balance sheet. Important caveat: utilities, telecoms, REITs, and infrastructure companies carry large structural debt by design — their bond-like cash flows service it comfortably at ratios that would alarm Graham. Compare within sector.
Working Capital vs Long-Term Debt
Working Capital minus Long-Term Debt. Negative results are common and expected in capital-return-focused businesses like Apple, Domino's, and McDonald's — where aggressive buybacks and dividends intentionally reduce book equity. This does not indicate financial distress in high-FCF businesses.
Working Capital
Current Assets minus Current Liabilities. Negative working capital can be a deliberate efficiency strategy in businesses that collect cash before paying suppliers (retailers, fast food franchises, subscription businesses). Assess alongside free cash flow generation for full context.
Free Cash Flow
Operating cash flow minus capital expenditures. Buffett's most important metric — cash a business actually generates for its owners after maintaining and growing its asset base. Consistently positive FCF is one of the strongest indicators of a durable, well-run business regardless of accounting profits.
CapEx % of Net Income
Capital expenditure as a share of net income. Low CapEx signals a capital-light business that doesn't need heavy reinvestment to sustain earnings — Buffett's ideal. High CapEx is structurally necessary in manufacturing, airlines, telecoms, and semiconductors. For these industries, a high reading reflects the business model, not poor management.
Owner Earnings
Net Income + Depreciation & Amortisation − Capital Expenditures. Buffett's preferred measure of a company's true annual earning power — what could theoretically be distributed to owners without impairing the business. More reliable than reported EPS because it accounts for the capital cost of maintaining the business.
Market Data
Key Margins
Gross Profit46.6%
Operating Margin19.3%
Net Margin15.8%
Company Info
Showing Key Metrics
Income Highlights
Metric
2025
2024
2023
2022
Gross Profit %
46.6%▲
46.1%▲
46.0%▼
50.1%
Operating Margin %
19.3%▲
18.1%▲
16.6%▲
14.7%
Net Income %
15.8%▲
13.0%▼
14.3%▲
8.8%
Diluted EPS
5.41▲
3.99▲
3.84▲
2.09
Balance Sheet Highlights
Metric
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
Total Assets
$80.2B
$78.7B
$82.2B
$78.6B
N/A
Total Debt
$10.0B▲
$9.9B▲
$9.7B▼
$10.4B•
N/A
Working Capital
$13.3B▲
$12.7B▼
$14.1B▲
$12.4B•
N/A
Years to Pay Debt
1.91
2.38
2.28
4.31
N/A
Cash Flow Highlights
Metric
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
Free Cash Flow
$5.6B▼
$6.8B▲
$4.2B▼
$5.1B•
N/A
Owner Earnings
$7.0B
$5.9B
$5.9B
$4.4B
N/A
CapEx % of Net Income
16.3%
16.5%
14.7%
29.2%
N/A
Income Statement
2025
2024
2023
2022
Tax Effect Of Unusual Items
-28,444
-160,365
61,275
-143,591
Tax Rate For Calcs
0
0
0
0
Normalized EBITDA
7,865,000
7,466,000
6,545,000
5,498,000
Total Unusual Items
-169,000
-723,000
285,000
-511,000
Total Unusual Items Excluding Goodwill
-169,000
-723,000
285,000
-511,000
Net Income From Continuing Operation Net Minority Interest
5,233,000
4,147,000
4,246,000
2,419,000
Reconciled Depreciation
963,000
1,032,000
1,072,000
1,317,000
Reconciled Cost Of Revenue
17,707,000
17,139,000
16,067,000
13,745,000
EBITDA
7,696,000
6,743,000
6,830,000
4,987,000
EBIT
6,733,000
5,711,000
5,758,000
3,670,000
Net Interest Income
76,000
280,000
133,000
-130,000
Interest Expense
441,000
382,000
347,000
304,000
Interest Income
517,000
662,000
480,000
174,000
Normalized Income
5,373,556
4,709,635
4,022,275
2,786,409
Net Income From Continuing And Discontinued Operation
5,233,000
4,147,000
4,246,000
2,419,000
Total Expenses
26,776,000
26,034,000
24,827,000
23,474,000
Total Operating Income As Reported
6,065,000
5,325,000
5,028,000
3,837,000
Diluted Average Shares
968,000
1,039,000
1,107,000
1,158,000
Basic Average Shares
959,000
1,029,000
1,103,000
1,154,000
Diluted EPS
0
0
0
0
Basic EPS
0
0
0
0
Diluted NI Availto Com Stockholders
5,233,000
4,147,000
4,246,000
2,419,000
Net Income Common Stockholders
5,233,000
4,147,000
4,246,000
2,419,000
Net Income
5,233,000
4,147,000
4,246,000
2,419,000
Net Income Including Noncontrolling Interests
5,233,000
4,147,000
4,246,000
2,419,000
Net Income Continuous Operations
5,233,000
4,147,000
4,246,000
2,419,000
Tax Provision
1,059,000
1,182,000
1,165,000
947,000
Pretax Income
6,292,000
5,329,000
5,411,000
3,366,000
Other Income Expense
-180,000
-714,000
334,000
-548,000
Other Non Operating Income Expenses
-11,000
9,000
49,000
-37,000
Special Income Charges
-331,000
-438,000
84,000
-207,000
Restructuring And Mergern Acquisition
331,000
438,000
-84,000
207,000
Gain On Sale Of Security
162,000
-285,000
201,000
-304,000
Net Non Operating Interest Income Expense
76,000
280,000
133,000
-130,000
Interest Expense Non Operating
441,000
382,000
347,000
304,000
Interest Income Non Operating
517,000
662,000
480,000
174,000
Operating Income
6,396,000
5,763,000
4,944,000
4,044,000
Operating Expense
9,069,000
8,895,000
8,760,000
9,729,000
Other Operating Expenses
1,704,000
1,768,000
1,919,000
2,120,000
Research And Development
3,103,000
2,979,000
2,973,000
3,253,000
Selling General And Administration
4,262,000
4,148,000
3,868,000
4,356,000
Selling And Marketing Expense
2,283,000
2,001,000
1,809,000
2,257,000
General And Administrative Expense
1,979,000
2,147,000
2,059,000
2,099,000
Other Gand A
1,979,000
2,147,000
2,059,000
2,099,000
Gross Profit
15,465,000
14,658,000
13,704,000
13,773,000
Cost Of Revenue
17,707,000
17,139,000
16,067,000
13,745,000
Total Revenue
33,172,000
31,797,000
29,771,000
27,518,000
Operating Revenue
33,172,000
31,797,000
29,771,000
27,518,000
Balance Sheet
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
Treasury Shares Number
423,000
337,000
245,000
173,000
Ordinary Shares Number
920,000
993,000
1,072,000
1,136,000
Share Issued
1,343,000
1,330,000
1,317,000
1,309,000
Net Debt
1,938,000
3,217,000
595,000
2,641,000
Total Debt
9,987,000
9,879,000
9,676,000
10,417,000
Tangible Book Value
9,184,000
9,254,000
9,488,000
8,277,000
Invested Capital
30,243,000
30,296,000
30,727,000
30,691,000
Working Capital
13,316,000
12,716,000
14,103,000
12,416,000
Net Tangible Assets
9,184,000
9,254,000
9,488,000
8,277,000
Common Stock Equity
20,256,000
20,417,000
21,051,000
20,274,000
Total Capitalization
30,243,000
30,296,000
30,727,000
30,691,000
Total Equity Gross Minority Interest
20,256,000
20,417,000
21,051,000
20,274,000
Stockholders Equity
20,256,000
20,417,000
21,051,000
20,274,000
Gains Losses Not Affecting Retained Earnings
-658,000
-550,000
-746,000
-928,000
Other Equity Adjustments
-658,000
-550,000
-746,000
-928,000
Treasury Stock
33,138,000
27,085,000
21,045,000
16,079,000
Retained Earnings
32,470,000
27,347,000
23,200,000
18,954,000
Additional Paid In Capital
21,582,000
20,705,000
19,642,000
18,327,000
Total Liabilities Net Minority Interest
59,917,000
58,308,000
61,115,000
58,350,000
Total Non Current Liabilities Net Minority Interest
13,474,000
12,818,000
12,649,000
13,342,000
Other Non Current Liabilities
3,487,000
2,939,000
2,973,000
2,925,000
Non Current Deferred Liabilities
2,925,000
2,998,000
Non Current Deferred Taxes Liabilities
2,925,000
2,998,000
Long Term Debt And Capital Lease Obligation
9,987,000
9,879,000
9,676,000
10,417,000
Long Term Debt
9,987,000
9,879,000
9,676,000
10,417,000
Current Liabilities
46,443,000
45,490,000
48,466,000
45,008,000
Current Debt And Capital Lease Obligation
999,000
Current Debt
999,000
Other Current Borrowings
999,000
Payables And Accrued Expenses
46,443,000
45,490,000
48,466,000
45,008,000
Current Accrued Expenses
6,005,000
5,592,000
6,392,000
4,868,000
Payables
40,438,000
39,898,000
42,074,000
40,140,000
Total Tax Payable
813,000
236,000
Income Tax Payable
813,000
236,000
Accounts Payable
40,438,000
39,898,000
42,074,000
40,140,000
Total Assets
80,173,000
78,725,000
82,166,000
78,624,000
Total Non Current Assets
20,414,000
20,519,000
19,597,000
21,200,000
Other Non Current Assets
3,312,000
3,265,000
3,273,000
2,455,000
Investments And Advances
4,330,000
4,583,000
3,273,000
5,018,000
Other Investments
1,909,000
1,581,000
1,882,000
2,201,000
Investmentin Financial Assets
2,421,000
3,002,000
1,391,000
2,817,000
Available For Sale Securities
2,421,000
3,002,000
1,391,000
2,817,000
Goodwill And Other Intangible Assets
11,072,000
11,163,000
11,563,000
11,997,000
Other Intangible Assets
208,000
326,000
537,000
788,000
Goodwill
10,864,000
10,837,000
11,026,000
11,209,000
Net PPE
1,700,000
1,508,000
1,488,000
1,730,000
Accumulated Depreciation
-8,114,000
-7,483,000
-6,948,000
-6,382,000
Gross PPE
9,814,000
8,991,000
8,436,000
8,112,000
Leases
357,000
343,000
317,000
364,000
Construction In Progress
34,000
104,000
34,000
25,000
Machinery Furniture Equipment
9,083,000
8,207,000
7,752,000
7,335,000
Land And Improvements
340,000
337,000
333,000
388,000
Current Assets
59,759,000
58,206,000
62,569,000
57,424,000
Other Current Assets
1,827,000
1,664,000
2,509,000
1,898,000
Restricted Cash
0
1,000
3,000
17,000
Prepaid Assets
1,898,000
1,287,000
Receivables
47,510,000
45,618,000
46,000,000
44,658,000
Loans Receivable
8,472,000
6,963,000
5,996,000
7,431,000
Accounts Receivable
39,038,000
38,655,000
40,004,000
37,227,000
Cash Cash Equivalents And Short Term Investments
10,422,000
10,923,000
14,057,000
10,851,000
Other Short Term Investments
2,373,000
4,261,000
4,976,000
3,075,000
Cash And Cash Equivalents
8,049,000
6,662,000
9,081,000
7,776,000
Cash Equivalents
777,000
Cash Financial
8,304,000
Cash Flow
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
Free Cash Flow
5,564,000
6,767,000
4,220,000
5,107,000
Repurchase Of Capital Stock
-6,052,000
-6,047,000
-5,002,000
-4,199,000
Repayment Of Debt
-5,104,000
-2,317,000
-1,053,000
-1,686,000
Issuance Of Debt
5,586,000
2,202,000
1,528,000
3,475,000
Issuance Of Capital Stock
117,000
95,000
127,000
143,000
Capital Expenditure
-852,000
-683,000
-623,000
-706,000
Interest Paid Supplemental Data
406,000
366,000
331,000
280,000
Income Tax Paid Supplemental Data
1,099,000
1,027,000
2,118,000
878,000
End Cash Position
24,018,000
22,490,000
21,834,000
19,156,000
Beginning Cash Position
22,490,000
21,834,000
19,156,000
18,029,000
Effect Of Exchange Rate Changes
273,000
-207,000
76,000
-155,000
Changes In Cash
1,255,000
863,000
2,602,000
1,282,000
Financing Cash Flow
-5,958,000
-8,276,000
-2,993,000
-1,203,000
Cash Flow From Continuing Financing Activities
-5,958,000
-8,276,000
-2,993,000
-1,203,000
Net Other Financing Charges
-375,000
-2,209,000
1,407,000
1,064,000
Cash Dividends Paid
-130,000
0
0
Common Stock Dividend Paid
-130,000
0
0
Net Common Stock Issuance
-5,935,000
-5,952,000
-4,875,000
-4,056,000
Common Stock Payments
-6,052,000
-6,047,000
-5,002,000
-4,199,000
Common Stock Issuance
117,000
95,000
127,000
143,000
Net Issuance Payments Of Debt
482,000
-115,000
475,000
1,789,000
Net Long Term Debt Issuance
482,000
-115,000
475,000
1,789,000
Long Term Debt Payments
-5,104,000
-2,317,000
-1,053,000
-1,686,000
Long Term Debt Issuance
5,586,000
2,202,000
1,528,000
3,475,000
Investing Cash Flow
797,000
1,689,000
752,000
-3,328,000
Cash Flow From Continuing Investing Activities
797,000
1,689,000
752,000
-3,328,000
Net Other Investing Changes
-975,000
1,705,000
-1,451,000
-5,819,000
Net Investment Purchase And Sale
2,621,000
666,000
2,315,000
3,192,000
Sale Of Investment
23,221,000
27,299,000
24,295,000
23,411,000
Purchase Of Investment
-20,600,000
-26,633,000
-21,980,000
-20,219,000
Net Business Purchase And Sale
0
0
466,000
0
Sale Of Business
0
0
466,000
0
Purchase Of Business
0
0
-2,763,000
Net PPE Purchase And Sale
-849,000
-682,000
-578,000
-701,000
Sale Of PPE
3,000
1,000
45,000
5,000
Purchase Of PPE
-852,000
-683,000
-623,000
-706,000
Operating Cash Flow
6,416,000
7,450,000
4,843,000
5,813,000
Cash Flow From Continuing Operating Activities
6,416,000
7,450,000
4,843,000
5,813,000
Change In Working Capital
-1,064,000
-558,000
-1,314,000
-454,000
Change In Other Working Capital
-1,318,000
-1,131,000
-1,188,000
-1,230,000
Change In Other Current Liabilities
599,000
798,000
97,000
856,000
Change In Other Current Assets
-493,000
-393,000
-116,000
118,000
Change In Payables And Accrued Expense
4,000
83,000
7,000
-35,000
Change In Payable
4,000
83,000
7,000
-35,000
Change In Account Payable
4,000
83,000
7,000
-35,000
Change In Tax Payable
373,000
73,000
Change In Income Tax Payable
373,000
73,000
Change In Receivables
144,000
85,000
-114,000
-163,000
Changes In Account Receivables
144,000
85,000
-114,000
-163,000
Other Non Cash Items
310,000
1,418,000
956,000
1,847,000
Stock Based Compensation
1,002,000
1,230,000
1,475,000
1,261,000
Amortization Of Securities
-83,000
-335,000
-367,000
-70,000
Deferred Tax
217,000
231,000
-668,000
-811,000
Deferred Income Tax
217,000
231,000
-668,000
-811,000
Depreciation Amortization Depletion
963,000
1,032,000
1,072,000
1,317,000
Depreciation And Amortization
963,000
1,032,000
1,072,000
1,317,000
Amortization Cash Flow
175,000
207,000
226,000
471,000
Amortization Of Intangibles
175,000
207,000
226,000
471,000
Depreciation
788,000
825,000
846,000
846,000
Operating Gains Losses
-162,000
285,000
-557,000
304,000
Gain Loss On Investment Securities
-162,000
285,000
-201,000
304,000
Gain Loss On Sale Of Business
0
0
-356,000
0
Net Income From Continuing Operations
5,233,000
4,147,000
4,246,000
2,419,000
3/5
Graham Score
Speculative Investor
Fails most of Graham's safety criteria. Treat with caution.
Graham's Fair Value
N/A
N/A — requires
positive EPS and positive book value per share. Check the Financials tab for earnings history.
Margin of Safety
—
Market Cap / Net Assets
N/A
Net Assets: $20.3B
Warren's Owner Earnings
$7.0B
Latest fiscal year
Graham's 7 Criteria
Defensive Investor Checklist
3/5 — Speculative Investor
✅
Adequate Size
Graham required companies large enough to withstand economic downturns. This threshold ($1.5B) is inflation-adjusted from Graham's original $100M — virtually all S&P 500 companies pass this today.
$33.2B
vs > $1.5B revenue
❌
Strong Financial Condition
Current assets must be at least twice current liabilities. Note: highly profitable companies (Apple, Domino's) often run negative or low working capital deliberately — they collect cash fast and stretch payables. A failing score here is not always a warning sign.
1.29x
vs Current Ratio > 2.0x
✅
Earnings Stability
Graham required uninterrupted positive earnings. Any loss year is a red flag for defensive investors. Growth companies and cyclicals may show occasional losses during investment cycles or downturns without being fundamentally unsound.
No loss years (4 yrs data)
vs No negative EPS years
❌
Dividend Record
Graham valued dividends as evidence of financial discipline and shareholder alignment. Many excellent modern businesses (Alphabet, Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway) pay no dividend, preferring to reinvest cash at high rates of return. Failing this criterion does not indicate a poor business — it may indicate a high-growth one.
No dividend
vs Uninterrupted dividends
✅
Earnings Growth
EPS grew from $2.09 to $5.41 over 3 years. Graham's 33% threshold was set over a 10-year period. Measured over fewer years (as here), the bar is proportionally lower. Share buybacks can also inflate EPS growth without reflecting underlying business improvement.
+158.9% EPS growth
vs > 33% EPS growth
Graham's 7 Criteria — Explained
What each criterion measures and why it matters.
✅ Adequate Size — $33.2Bvs > $1.5B revenue
Graham required companies large enough to withstand economic downturns. This threshold ($1.5B) is inflation-adjusted from Graham's original $100M — virtually all S&P 500 companies pass this today.
"The minimum size of an enterprise should be not less than $100 million of annual sales."
❌ Strong Financial Condition — 1.29xvs Current Ratio > 2.0x
Current assets must be at least twice current liabilities. Note: highly profitable companies (Apple, Domino's) often run negative or low working capital deliberately — they collect cash fast and stretch payables. A failing score here is not always a warning sign.
"For industrial companies, current assets should be at least twice current liabilities."
✅ Earnings Stability — No loss years (4 yrs data)vs No negative EPS years
Graham required uninterrupted positive earnings. Any loss year is a red flag for defensive investors. Growth companies and cyclicals may show occasional losses during investment cycles or downturns without being fundamentally unsound.
"The company should have shown no deficit in the past ten years."
❌ Dividend Record — No dividendvs Uninterrupted dividends
Graham valued dividends as evidence of financial discipline and shareholder alignment. Many excellent modern businesses (Alphabet, Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway) pay no dividend, preferring to reinvest cash at high rates of return. Failing this criterion does not indicate a poor business — it may indicate a high-growth one.
"Some current dividend payments — for at least the past 20 years."
EPS grew from $2.09 to $5.41 over 3 years. Graham's 33% threshold was set over a 10-year period. Measured over fewer years (as here), the bar is proportionally lower. Share buybacks can also inflate EPS growth without reflecting underlying business improvement.
"A minimum increase of at least one-third in per-share earnings over ten years."
These metrics estimate what PYPL is worth based on fundamentals — independent of what the market prices it at.
Graham's Fair Value and NCAV are conservative floors.
EPV assumes zero growth. These are reference points, not price targets.
Net Current Asset Value
N/A
"Buy at two-thirds of net current assets." — Graham
Earnings Power Value
N/A
Per share, no-growth floor. Compare to current price.
ROIC — Return on Invested Capital
15.0%
Return on Invested Capital — Buffett's preferred measure for asset-light businesses. ROIC > 15% consistently signals a durable competitive advantage (moat). More meaningful than P/B for software, pharma, and consumer brand companies where most value is intangible and off-balance-sheet.
Cash Flow Analysis
Metric
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
Capital Expenditure % of Net Income
16.3%
16.5%
14.7%
29.2%
N/A
Repurchase of Capital Stock
-$6.1B
-$6.0B
-$5.0B
-$4.2B
N/A
Free Cash Flow
$5.6B▼
$6.8B▲
$4.2B▼
$5.1B•
N/A•
Warren's Owner Earnings
$7.0B
$5.9B
$5.9B
$4.4B
N/A
Peers & Industry
No auto-detected peers for this industry. You can manually compare PYPL against any stock using the Compare tool.
"The management of a business is its most important single factor — more important than market position, patents, or financial structure."
— Benjamin Graham
No management data available.
Risk Analysis
PYPL (PYPL) fundamental analysis — Overall grade A based on profitability, financial health, valuation and cash flow. Graham's
Fair Value: N/A. Gross profit margin: 46.6%. Operating margin: 19.3%. Net margin: 15.8%. Analysis powered by 360investing — free fundamental stock analysis based on Benjamin Graham and Warren Buffett
principles.
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and may be delayed, inaccurate, or incomplete. Past performance is not indicative of future results. Analysis, scores, and valuations are algorithmic and do not represent professional investment recommendations. Always conduct your own due
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