Revenue minus cost of goods sold. Graham's ≥40% threshold identifies businesses with durable pricing power. Note: software and financial companies naturally exceed this; retailers and manufacturers rarely reach it due to their cost structures.
Operating Margin32.9%
Profit after operating costs before interest and taxes. A consistent ≥15% operating margin signals a business with real competitive advantages. Capital-intensive industries (airlines, auto, commodities) rarely hit this threshold due to their structural cost base — compare within industry for context.
Net Income Margin11.1%
Bottom-line profit as a percentage of revenue. The ≥20% target reflects Buffett's preference for highly profitable businesses. Financial engineering (buybacks, tax optimisation) can inflate this temporarily — look for consistency across multiple years rather than a single strong result.
Financial Health
F
Years to Pay Off Debt8.9 yrs
Total Debt ÷ Net Income. Lower = stronger balance sheet. Important caveat: utilities, telecoms, REITs, and infrastructure companies carry large structural debt by design — their bond-like cash flows service it comfortably at ratios that would alarm Graham. Compare within sector.
Working Capital vs Long-Term Debt-$16.4B
Working Capital minus Long-Term Debt. Negative results are common and expected in capital-return-focused businesses like Apple, Domino's, and McDonald's — where aggressive buybacks and dividends intentionally reduce book equity. This does not indicate financial distress in high-FCF businesses.
Working Capital-$2.7B
Current Assets minus Current Liabilities. Negative working capital can be a deliberate efficiency strategy in businesses that collect cash before paying suppliers (retailers, fast food franchises, subscription businesses). Assess alongside free cash flow generation for full context.
Valuation
N/A
Cash Flow
F
Free Cash Flow-$703M
Operating cash flow minus capital expenditures. Buffett's most important metric — cash a business actually generates for its owners after maintaining and growing its asset base. Consistently positive FCF is one of the strongest indicators of a durable, well-run business regardless of accounting profits.
CapEx % of Net Income568.6%
Capital expenditure as a share of net income. Low CapEx signals a capital-light business that doesn't need heavy reinvestment to sustain earnings — Buffett's ideal. High CapEx is structurally necessary in manufacturing, airlines, telecoms, and semiconductors. For these industries, a high reading reflects the business model, not poor management.
Owner Earnings$16.2B
Net Income + Depreciation & Amortisation − Capital Expenditures. Buffett's preferred measure of a company's true annual earning power — what could theoretically be distributed to owners without impairing the business. More reliable than reported EPS because it accounts for the capital cost of maintaining the business.
Metric Explanations
What each dimension measures and where the thresholds come from.
Gross Profit Margin
Revenue minus cost of goods sold. Graham's ≥40% threshold identifies businesses with durable pricing power. Note: software and financial companies naturally exceed this; retailers and manufacturers rarely reach it due to their cost structures.
Operating Margin
Profit after operating costs before interest and taxes. A consistent ≥15% operating margin signals a business with real competitive advantages. Capital-intensive industries (airlines, auto, commodities) rarely hit this threshold due to their structural cost base — compare within industry for context.
Net Income Margin
Bottom-line profit as a percentage of revenue. The ≥20% target reflects Buffett's preference for highly profitable businesses. Financial engineering (buybacks, tax optimisation) can inflate this temporarily — look for consistency across multiple years rather than a single strong result.
Years to Pay Off Debt
Total Debt ÷ Net Income. Lower = stronger balance sheet. Important caveat: utilities, telecoms, REITs, and infrastructure companies carry large structural debt by design — their bond-like cash flows service it comfortably at ratios that would alarm Graham. Compare within sector.
Working Capital vs Long-Term Debt
Working Capital minus Long-Term Debt. Negative results are common and expected in capital-return-focused businesses like Apple, Domino's, and McDonald's — where aggressive buybacks and dividends intentionally reduce book equity. This does not indicate financial distress in high-FCF businesses.
Working Capital
Current Assets minus Current Liabilities. Negative working capital can be a deliberate efficiency strategy in businesses that collect cash before paying suppliers (retailers, fast food franchises, subscription businesses). Assess alongside free cash flow generation for full context.
Free Cash Flow
Operating cash flow minus capital expenditures. Buffett's most important metric — cash a business actually generates for its owners after maintaining and growing its asset base. Consistently positive FCF is one of the strongest indicators of a durable, well-run business regardless of accounting profits.
CapEx % of Net Income
Capital expenditure as a share of net income. Low CapEx signals a capital-light business that doesn't need heavy reinvestment to sustain earnings — Buffett's ideal. High CapEx is structurally necessary in manufacturing, airlines, telecoms, and semiconductors. For these industries, a high reading reflects the business model, not poor management.
Owner Earnings
Net Income + Depreciation & Amortisation − Capital Expenditures. Buffett's preferred measure of a company's true annual earning power — what could theoretically be distributed to owners without impairing the business. More reliable than reported EPS because it accounts for the capital cost of maintaining the business.
Market Data
Key Margins
Gross Profit35.0%
Operating Margin32.9%
Net Margin11.1%
Company Info
Showing Key Metrics
Income Highlights
Metric
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
Gross Profit %
35.0%▼
45.3%▼
57.5%▼
70.1%•
N/A
Operating Margin %
32.9%▼
39.9%▼
54.8%▼
68.2%•
N/A
Net Income %
11.1%▼
30.3%▼
37.7%▼
45.8%•
N/A
Diluted EPS
5.73▼
15.53▼
17.34▼
24.61•
N/A
Balance Sheet Highlights
Metric
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
Total Assets
$71.1B
$67.3B
$29.0B
$26.2B
N/A
Total Debt
$14.9B▲
$13.3B▲
$6.8B▲
$6.4B•
N/A
Working Capital
-$2.7B▲
-$2.7B▼
-$487M▼
-$324M•
N/A
Years to Pay Debt
8.94
3.99
2.16
1.45
N/A
Cash Flow Highlights
Metric
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
Free Cash Flow
-$703M▲
-$5.4B▼
$1.2B▼
$2.7B•
N/A
Owner Earnings
$16.2B
$18.0B
$9.6B
$9.3B
N/A
CapEx % of Net Income
568.6%
353.1%
150.0%
82.4%
N/A
Income Statement
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
Tax Effect Of Unusual Items
-566,370
24,742
-56,545
-127,510
Tax Rate For Calcs
0
0
0
0
Normalized EBITDA
10,432,000
7,500,000
6,432,000
7,850,000
Total Unusual Items
-3,255,000
139,000
-263,000
-622,000
Total Unusual Items Excluding Goodwill
-3,255,000
139,000
-263,000
-622,000
Net Income From Continuing Operation Net Minority Interest
1,664,000
3,338,000
3,143,000
4,386,000
Reconciled Depreciation
5,038,000
2,850,000
1,746,000
1,344,000
Reconciled Cost Of Revenue
9,708,000
6,029,000
3,541,000
2,865,000
EBITDA
7,177,000
7,639,000
6,169,000
7,228,000
EBIT
2,139,000
4,789,000
4,423,000
5,884,000
Net Interest Income
-244,000
-135,000
-159,000
-154,000
Interest Expense
265,000
288,000
175,000
148,000
Interest Income
25,000
156,000
18,000
6,000
Normalized Income
4,352,630
3,223,742
3,349,455
4,880,490
Net Income From Continuing And Discontinued Operation
1,664,000
3,338,000
3,143,000
4,386,000
Total Expenses
10,011,000
6,627,000
3,769,000
3,044,000
Total Operating Income As Reported
1,266,000
4,396,000
4,570,000
6,508,000
Diluted Average Shares
289,079
213,545
179,999
176,539
Basic Average Shares
289,079
213,545
179,999
176,539
Diluted EPS
0
0
0
0
Basic EPS
0
0
0
0
Diluted NI Availto Com Stockholders
1,664,000
3,338,000
3,143,000
4,386,000
Net Income Common Stockholders
1,664,000
3,338,000
3,143,000
4,386,000
Net Income
1,664,000
3,338,000
3,143,000
4,386,000
Minority Interests
117,000
-363,000
-193,000
-176,000
Net Income Including Noncontrolling Interests
1,547,000
3,701,000
3,336,000
4,562,000
Net Income Continuous Operations
1,547,000
3,701,000
3,336,000
4,562,000
Tax Provision
327,000
800,000
912,000
1,174,000
Pretax Income
1,874,000
4,501,000
4,248,000
5,736,000
Other Income Expense
-2,800,000
240,000
-163,000
-632,000
Other Non Operating Income Expenses
455,000
101,000
100,000
-10,000
Special Income Charges
-3,596,000
2,000
-4,000
-113,000
Gain On Sale Of Business
0
23,000
Other Special Charges
-56,000
-2,000
4,000
99,000
Impairment Of Capital Assets
3,652,000
0
0
0
Restructuring And Mergern Acquisition
303,000
11,000
14,000
78,000
Earnings From Equity Interest
38,000
Gain On Sale Of Security
341,000
137,000
-259,000
-509,000
Net Non Operating Interest Income Expense
-244,000
-135,000
-159,000
-154,000
Total Other Finance Cost
4,000
3,000
2,000
12,000
Interest Expense Non Operating
265,000
288,000
175,000
148,000
Interest Income Non Operating
25,000
156,000
18,000
6,000
Operating Income
4,918,000
4,396,000
4,570,000
6,522,000
Operating Expense
303,000
598,000
228,000
179,000
Other Operating Expenses
15,000
385,000
78,000
35,000
Selling General And Administration
288,000
213,000
150,000
144,000
General And Administrative Expense
288,000
213,000
150,000
144,000
Other Gand A
207,000
148,000
150,000
144,000
Salaries And Wages
81,000
65,000
54,000
55,000
Gross Profit
5,221,000
4,994,000
4,798,000
6,701,000
Cost Of Revenue
9,708,000
6,029,000
3,541,000
2,865,000
Total Revenue
14,929,000
11,023,000
8,339,000
9,566,000
Operating Revenue
14,929,000
11,023,000
8,339,000
9,566,000
Balance Sheet
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
Ordinary Shares Number
284,595
290,984
178,724
179,841
Share Issued
284,595
290,984
178,724
179,841
Net Debt
14,385,000
12,814,000
6,059,000
6,091,000
Total Debt
14,879,000
13,329,000
6,801,000
6,379,000
Tangible Book Value
36,972,000
37,736,000
16,625,000
15,009,000
Invested Capital
51,461,000
50,711,000
23,266,000
21,257,000
Working Capital
-2,685,000
-2,701,000
-487,000
-324,000
Net Tangible Assets
36,972,000
37,736,000
16,625,000
15,009,000
Capital Lease Obligations
390,000
354,000
160,000
131,000
Common Stock Equity
36,972,000
37,736,000
16,625,000
15,009,000
Total Capitalization
50,698,000
49,811,000
23,266,000
21,247,000
Total Equity Gross Minority Interest
42,967,000
39,862,000
17,430,000
15,690,000
Minority Interest
5,995,000
2,126,000
805,000
681,000
Stockholders Equity
36,972,000
37,736,000
16,625,000
15,009,000
Gains Losses Not Affecting Retained Earnings
-7,000
-6,000
-8,000
-7,000
Other Equity Adjustments
-7,000
-6,000
-8,000
-7,000
Retained Earnings
4,740,000
4,238,000
2,489,000
801,000
Additional Paid In Capital
32,236,000
33,501,000
14,142,000
14,213,000
Capital Stock
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
Common Stock
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
Total Liabilities Net Minority Interest
28,092,000
27,430,000
11,571,000
10,519,000
Total Non Current Liabilities Net Minority Interest
23,492,000
22,619,000
9,463,000
8,803,000
Other Non Current Liabilities
625,000
718,000
12,000
12,000
Derivative Product Liabilities
106,000
122,000
148,000
29,000
Non Current Deferred Liabilities
9,141,000
9,826,000
2,449,000
2,069,000
Non Current Deferred Taxes Liabilities
9,141,000
9,826,000
2,449,000
2,069,000
Long Term Debt And Capital Lease Obligation
13,726,000
12,075,000
6,641,000
6,238,000
Long Term Debt
13,726,000
12,075,000
6,641,000
6,238,000
Long Term Provisions
573,000
239,000
336,000
166,000
Current Liabilities
4,600,000
4,811,000
2,108,000
1,716,000
Other Current Liabilities
15,000
43,000
86,000
47,000
Current Debt And Capital Lease Obligation
1,153,000
1,254,000
160,000
141,000
Current Capital Lease Obligation
390,000
354,000
160,000
131,000
Current Debt
763,000
900,000
10,000
45,000
Other Current Borrowings
763,000
900,000
10,000
45,000
Pensionand Other Post Retirement Benefit Plans Current
96,000
79,000
38,000
35,000
Payables And Accrued Expenses
3,336,000
3,435,000
1,824,000
1,493,000
Current Accrued Expenses
366,000
329,000
620,000
569,000
Interest Payable
187,000
145,000
73,000
49,000
Payables
2,970,000
3,106,000
1,204,000
924,000
Other Payable
1,413,000
1,507,000
785,000
655,000
Total Tax Payable
389,000
656,000
158,000
142,000
Income Tax Payable
149,000
414,000
29,000
34,000
Accounts Payable
1,168,000
943,000
261,000
127,000
Total Assets
71,059,000
67,292,000
29,001,000
26,209,000
Total Non Current Assets
69,144,000
65,182,000
27,380,000
24,817,000
Other Non Current Assets
523,000
710,000
131,000
319,000
Non Current Deferred Assets
173,000
45,000
64,000
40,000
Non Current Deferred Taxes Assets
173,000
45,000
64,000
40,000
Financial Assets
2,000
1,000
23,000
4,000
Investments And Advances
375,000
529,000
566,000
613,000
Long Term Equity Investment
375,000
529,000
566,000
613,000
Investment Properties
84,000
86,000
88,000
Net PPE
68,621,000
64,472,000
26,674,000
23,759,000
Accumulated Depreciation
-27,782,000
-19,208,000
-16,429,000
-14,844,000
Gross PPE
96,403,000
83,680,000
43,103,000
38,603,000
Current Assets
1,915,000
2,110,000
1,621,000
1,392,000
Other Current Assets
7,000
3,000
110,000
23,000
Hedging Assets Current
234,000
168,000
17,000
132,000
Restricted Cash
2,000
3,000
3,000
7,000
Prepaid Assets
96,000
74,000
28,000
Inventory
86,000
116,000
63,000
67,000
Receivables
1,386,000
1,585,000
846,000
1,006,000
Taxes Receivable
1,000
284,000
1,000
Accounts Receivable
1,386,000
1,585,000
846,000
722,000
Cash Cash Equivalents And Short Term Investments
104,000
161,000
582,000
157,000
Cash And Cash Equivalents
104,000
161,000
582,000
157,000
Cash Flow
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
Free Cash Flow
-703,000
-5,374,000
1,206,000
2,712,000
Repurchase Of Capital Stock
-2,010,000
-959,000
-840,000
-1,251,000
Repayment Of Debt
-13,467,000
-3,502,000
-4,802,000
-7,961,000
Issuance Of Debt
15,042,000
9,875,000
5,179,000
7,704,000
Issuance Of Capital Stock
1,232,000
476,000
0
0
Capital Expenditure
-9,461,000
-11,787,000
-4,714,000
-3,613,000
Interest Paid Supplemental Data
155,000
269,000
146,000
135,000
Income Tax Paid Supplemental Data
1,234,000
605,000
352,000
718,000
End Cash Position
106,000
164,000
585,000
164,000
Beginning Cash Position
164,000
585,000
164,000
672,000
Changes In Cash
-58,000
-421,000
421,000
-508,000
Financing Cash Flow
-1,007,000
4,387,000
-2,176,000
-3,503,000
Cash Flow From Continuing Financing Activities
-1,007,000
4,387,000
-2,176,000
-3,503,000
Net Other Financing Charges
-648,000
75,000
-269,000
-423,000
Cash Dividends Paid
-1,156,000
-1,578,000
-1,444,000
-1,572,000
Common Stock Dividend Paid
-1,156,000
-1,578,000
-1,444,000
-1,572,000
Net Common Stock Issuance
-778,000
-483,000
-840,000
-1,251,000
Common Stock Payments
-2,010,000
-959,000
-840,000
-1,251,000
Common Stock Issuance
1,232,000
476,000
0
0
Net Issuance Payments Of Debt
1,575,000
6,373,000
377,000
-257,000
Net Short Term Debt Issuance
111,000
-347,000
313,000
Short Term Debt Payments
-4,668,000
-5,551,000
-1,000,000
Short Term Debt Issuance
4,779,000
5,204,000
1,313,000
Net Long Term Debt Issuance
1,575,000
6,373,000
377,000
-257,000
Long Term Debt Payments
-13,467,000
-3,502,000
-4,802,000
-7,961,000
Long Term Debt Issuance
15,042,000
9,875,000
5,179,000
7,704,000
Investing Cash Flow
-7,809,000
-11,221,000
-3,323,000
-3,330,000
Cash Flow From Continuing Investing Activities
-7,809,000
-11,221,000
-3,323,000
-3,330,000
Net Other Investing Changes
1,652,000
566,000
1,391,000
283,000
Dividends Received Cfi
9,000
Net Business Purchase And Sale
-114,000
Purchase Of Business
-114,000
Net PPE Purchase And Sale
-9,461,000
-11,787,000
-4,714,000
-3,613,000
Purchase Of PPE
-9,461,000
-11,787,000
-4,714,000
-3,613,000
Operating Cash Flow
8,758,000
6,413,000
5,920,000
6,325,000
Cash Flow From Continuing Operating Activities
8,758,000
6,413,000
5,920,000
6,325,000
Change In Working Capital
-314,000
-96,000
296,000
-199,000
Change In Other Working Capital
27,000
67,000
192,000
-16,000
Change In Payables And Accrued Expense
-727,000
-121,000
175,000
126,000
Change In Payable
-727,000
-121,000
175,000
126,000
Change In Account Payable
-343,000
-376,000
57,000
-47,000
Change In Tax Payable
-399,000
87,000
-5,000
17,000
Change In Income Tax Payable
-399,000
87,000
-5,000
17,000
Change In Prepaid Assets
54,000
-89,000
21,000
20,000
Change In Receivables
386,000
-42,000
-71,000
-330,000
Changes In Account Receivables
386,000
-42,000
-71,000
-47,000
Other Non Cash Items
-430,000
133,000
11,000
85,000
Stock Based Compensation
65,000
54,000
55,000
51,000
Asset Impairment Charge
3,652,000
0
0
0
Deferred Tax
-519,000
15,000
378,000
720,000
Deferred Income Tax
-519,000
15,000
378,000
720,000
Depreciation Amortization Depletion
5,038,000
2,850,000
1,746,000
1,344,000
Depreciation And Amortization
5,038,000
2,850,000
1,746,000
1,344,000
Depreciation
5,038,000
2,850,000
1,746,000
1,344,000
Operating Gains Losses
-216,000
-190,000
153,000
-242,000
Earnings Losses From Equity Investments
-21,000
-48,000
-77,000
-15,000
Gain Loss On Investment Securities
-160,000
-188,000
149,000
-264,000
Net Income From Continuing Operations
1,547,000
3,701,000
3,336,000
4,562,000
2/5
Graham Score
Speculative Investor
Fails most of Graham's safety criteria. Treat with caution.
Graham's Fair Value
N/A
N/A — requires
positive EPS and positive book value per share. Check the Financials tab for earnings history.
Margin of Safety
—
Market Cap / Net Assets
N/A
Net Assets: $43.0B
Warren's Owner Earnings
$16.2B
Latest fiscal year
Graham's 7 Criteria
Defensive Investor Checklist
2/5 — Speculative Investor
✅
Adequate Size
Graham required companies large enough to withstand economic downturns. This threshold ($1.5B) is inflation-adjusted from Graham's original $100M — virtually all S&P 500 companies pass this today.
$14.9B
vs > $1.5B revenue
❌
Strong Financial Condition
Current assets must be at least twice current liabilities. Note: highly profitable companies (Apple, Domino's) often run negative or low working capital deliberately — they collect cash fast and stretch payables. A failing score here is not always a warning sign.
0.42x
vs Current Ratio > 2.0x
✅
Earnings Stability
Graham required uninterrupted positive earnings. Any loss year is a red flag for defensive investors. Growth companies and cyclicals may show occasional losses during investment cycles or downturns without being fundamentally unsound.
No loss years (4 yrs data)
vs No negative EPS years
❌
Dividend Record
Graham valued dividends as evidence of financial discipline and shareholder alignment. Many excellent modern businesses (Alphabet, Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway) pay no dividend, preferring to reinvest cash at high rates of return. Failing this criterion does not indicate a poor business — it may indicate a high-growth one.
No dividend
vs Uninterrupted dividends
❌
Earnings Growth
EPS grew from $24.61 to $5.73 over 3 years. Graham's 33% threshold was set over a 10-year period. Measured over fewer years (as here), the bar is proportionally lower. Share buybacks can also inflate EPS growth without reflecting underlying business improvement.
-76.7% EPS growth
vs > 33% EPS growth
Graham's 7 Criteria — Explained
What each criterion measures and why it matters.
✅ Adequate Size — $14.9Bvs > $1.5B revenue
Graham required companies large enough to withstand economic downturns. This threshold ($1.5B) is inflation-adjusted from Graham's original $100M — virtually all S&P 500 companies pass this today.
"The minimum size of an enterprise should be not less than $100 million of annual sales."
❌ Strong Financial Condition — 0.42xvs Current Ratio > 2.0x
Current assets must be at least twice current liabilities. Note: highly profitable companies (Apple, Domino's) often run negative or low working capital deliberately — they collect cash fast and stretch payables. A failing score here is not always a warning sign.
"For industrial companies, current assets should be at least twice current liabilities."
✅ Earnings Stability — No loss years (4 yrs data)vs No negative EPS years
Graham required uninterrupted positive earnings. Any loss year is a red flag for defensive investors. Growth companies and cyclicals may show occasional losses during investment cycles or downturns without being fundamentally unsound.
"The company should have shown no deficit in the past ten years."
❌ Dividend Record — No dividendvs Uninterrupted dividends
Graham valued dividends as evidence of financial discipline and shareholder alignment. Many excellent modern businesses (Alphabet, Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway) pay no dividend, preferring to reinvest cash at high rates of return. Failing this criterion does not indicate a poor business — it may indicate a high-growth one.
"Some current dividend payments — for at least the past 20 years."
EPS grew from $24.61 to $5.73 over 3 years. Graham's 33% threshold was set over a 10-year period. Measured over fewer years (as here), the bar is proportionally lower. Share buybacks can also inflate EPS growth without reflecting underlying business improvement.
"A minimum increase of at least one-third in per-share earnings over ten years."
These metrics estimate what FANG is worth based on fundamentals — independent of what the market prices it at.
Graham's Fair Value and NCAV are conservative floors.
EPV assumes zero growth. These are reference points, not price targets.
Net Current Asset Value
N/A
"Buy at two-thirds of net current assets." — Graham
Earnings Power Value
N/A
Per share, no-growth floor. Compare to current price.
ROIC — Return on Invested Capital
5.8%
Return on Invested Capital — Buffett's preferred measure for asset-light businesses. ROIC > 15% consistently signals a durable competitive advantage (moat). More meaningful than P/B for software, pharma, and consumer brand companies where most value is intangible and off-balance-sheet.
Cash Flow Analysis
Metric
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
Capital Expenditure % of Net Income
568.6%
353.1%
150.0%
82.4%
N/A
Repurchase of Capital Stock
-$2.0B
-$959M
-$840M
-$1.3B
N/A
Free Cash Flow
-$703M▲
-$5.4B▼
$1.2B▼
$2.7B•
N/A•
Warren's Owner Earnings
$16.2B
$18.0B
$9.6B
$9.3B
N/A
Peers & Industry
No auto-detected peers for this industry. You can manually compare FANG against any stock using the Compare tool.
"The management of a business is its most important single factor — more important than market position, patents, or financial structure."
— Benjamin Graham
No management data available.
Risk Analysis
FANG (FANG) fundamental analysis — Overall grade D based on profitability, financial health, valuation and cash flow. Graham's
Fair Value: N/A. Gross profit margin: 35.0%. Operating margin: 32.9%. Net margin: 11.1%. Analysis powered by 360investing — free fundamental stock analysis based on Benjamin Graham and Warren Buffett
principles.
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